We propose parameterizing the population distribution of the gravitational wave population modeling framework (Hierarchical Bayesian Analysis) with a normalizing flow. We first demonstrate the merit of this method on illustrative experiments and then analyze four parameters of the latest LIGO/Virgo data release: primary mass, secondary mass, redshift, and effective spin. Our results show that despite the small and notoriously noisy dataset, the posterior predictive distributions (assuming a prior over the parameters of the flow) of the observed gravitational wave population recover structure that agrees with robust previous phenomenological modeling results while being less susceptible to biases introduced by less-flexible distribution models. Therefore, the method forms a promising flexible, reliable replacement for population inference distributions, even when data is highly noisy.

Studying animal movements is essential for effective wildlife conservation and conflict mitigation. For aerial movements, operational weather radars have become an indispensable data source in this respect. However, partial measurements, incomplete spatial coverage, and poor understanding of animal behaviours make it difficult to reconstruct complete spatio-temporal movement patterns from available radar data. We tackle this inverse problem by learning a mapping from high-dimensional radar measurements to low-dimensional latent representations using a convolutional encoder. Under the assumption that the latent system dynamics are well approximated by a locally linear Gaussian transition model, we perform efficient posterior estimation using the classical Kalman smoother. A convolutional decoder maps the inferred latent system states back to the physical space in which the known radar observation model can be applied, enabling fully unsupervised training. To encourage physical consistency, we additionally introduce a physics-informed loss term that leverages known mass conservation constraints. Our experiments on synthetic radar data show promising results in terms of reconstruction quality and data-efficiency.

Incorporating equivariance to symmetry groups as a constraint during neural network training can improve performance and generalization for tasks exhibiting those symmetries, but such symmetries are often not perfectly nor explicitly present. This motivates algorithmically optimizing the architectural constraints imposed by equivariance. We propose the equivariance relaxation morphism, which preserves functionality while reparameterizing a group equivariant layer to operate with equivariance constraints on a subgroup, as well as the [G]-mixed equivariant layer, which mixes layers constrained to different groups to enable within-layer equivariance optimization. We further present evolutionary and differentiable neural architecture search (NAS) algorithms that utilize these mechanisms respectively for equivariance-aware architectural optimization. Experiments across a variety of datasets show the benefit of dynamically constrained equivariance to find effective architectures with approximate equivariance.

安全部署到现实世界的机器学习模式通常是一个具有挑战性的过程。从特定地理位置获得的数据训练的模型往往会在询问其他地方获得的数据时失败，在仿真中培训的代理可以在部署在现实世界或新颖的环境中进行适应时，以及适合于拟合的神经网络人口可能会将一些选择偏见纳入其决策过程。在这项工作中，我们描述了（i）通过（i）识别和描述了不同误差来源的新信息 - 理论观点的数据转移问题，（ii）比较最近域概括和公平探讨的一些最有前景的目标分类文献。从我们的理论分析和实证评估中，我们得出结论，需要通过关于观察到的数据，用于校正的因素的仔细考虑和数据生成过程的结构来指导模型选择程序。

不观察到的混淆是估算因果效应时的主要挑战之一。我们提出了一种因果还原方法，给出因果模型，用一个潜在的混淆器取代了一个任意数量的可能的高维潜在混淆，这些混淆是在同一空间中的价值观，而不改变原因的观察和介入分布模特需要。这使我们能够以合并数据的原则方式估计因果效应而不依赖于普遍但往往不切实际的假设，即所有的混乱。我们在三种不同的设置中应用了我们的因果化。在第一个设置中，我们假设治疗和结果是离散的。随后的因果还原暗示可以利用估计目的的观察和介入分布之间的界限。在某些情况下具有高度不平衡的观察样本的情况下，通过掺入观察数据，可以提高因果效应估计的准确性。其次，对于连续变量并假设线性高斯模型，我们导出了对观察和介入分布的参数的平等约束。第三，对于一般连续设置（可能是非线性或非高斯），我们使用标准化流量参数化减少的因果模型，灵活的易于可逆的非线性变换。我们对合成数据进行一系列实验，发现在几个情况下，在不牺牲精度的情况下添加观察训练样本时，可以减少介入样本的数量。

也称为（非参数）结构方程模型（SEMS）的结构因果模型（SCM）被广泛用于因果建模目的。特别是，也称为递归SEM的无循环SCMS，形成了一个研究的SCM的良好的子类，概括了因果贝叶斯网络来允许潜在混淆。在本文中，我们调查了更多普通环境中的SCM，允许存在潜在混杂器和周期。我们展示在存在周期中，无循环SCM的许多方便的性质通常不会持有：它们并不总是有解决方案;它们并不总是诱导独特的观察，介入和反事实分布;边缘化并不总是存在，如果存在边缘模型并不总是尊重潜在的投影;他们并不总是满足马尔可夫财产;他们的图表并不总是与他们的因果语义一致。我们证明，对于SCM一般，这些属性中的每一个都在某些可加工条件下保持。我们的工作概括了SCM的结果，迄今为止仅针对某些特殊情况所知的周期。我们介绍了将循环循环设置扩展到循环设置的简单SCM的类，同时保留了许多方便的无环SCM的性能。用本文，我们的目标是为SCM提供统计因果建模的一般理论的基础。

We consider the contextual bandit problem on general action and context spaces, where the learner's rewards depend on their selected actions and an observable context. This generalizes the standard multi-armed bandit to the case where side information is available, e.g., patients' records or customers' history, which allows for personalized treatment. We focus on consistency -- vanishing regret compared to the optimal policy -- and show that for large classes of non-i.i.d. contexts, consistency can be achieved regardless of the time-invariant reward mechanism, a property known as universal consistency. Precisely, we first give necessary and sufficient conditions on the context-generating process for universal consistency to be possible. Second, we show that there always exists an algorithm that guarantees universal consistency whenever this is achievable, called an optimistically universal learning rule. Interestingly, for finite action spaces, learnable processes for universal learning are exactly the same as in the full-feedback setting of supervised learning, previously studied in the literature. In other words, learning can be performed with partial feedback without any generalization cost. The algorithms balance a trade-off between generalization (similar to structural risk minimization) and personalization (tailoring actions to specific contexts). Lastly, we consider the case of added continuity assumptions on rewards and show that these lead to universal consistency for significantly larger classes of data-generating processes.

In this paper, we present a novel visual SLAM and long-term localization benchmark for autonomous driving in challenging conditions based on the large-scale 4Seasons dataset. The proposed benchmark provides drastic appearance variations caused by seasonal changes and diverse weather and illumination conditions. While significant progress has been made in advancing visual SLAM on small-scale datasets with similar conditions, there is still a lack of unified benchmarks representative of real-world scenarios for autonomous driving. We introduce a new unified benchmark for jointly evaluating visual odometry, global place recognition, and map-based visual localization performance which is crucial to successfully enable autonomous driving in any condition. The data has been collected for more than one year, resulting in more than 300 km of recordings in nine different environments ranging from a multi-level parking garage to urban (including tunnels) to countryside and highway. We provide globally consistent reference poses with up to centimeter-level accuracy obtained from the fusion of direct stereo-inertial odometry with RTK GNSS. We evaluate the performance of several state-of-the-art visual odometry and visual localization baseline approaches on the benchmark and analyze their properties. The experimental results provide new insights into current approaches and show promising potential for future research. Our benchmark and evaluation protocols will be available at https://www.4seasons-dataset.com/.

Implicit Neural Representations (INR) have recently shown to be powerful tool for high-quality video compression. However, existing works are limiting as they do not explicitly exploit the temporal redundancy in videos, leading to a long encoding time. Additionally, these methods have fixed architectures which do not scale to longer videos or higher resolutions. To address these issues, we propose NIRVANA, which treats videos as groups of frames and fits separate networks to each group performing patch-wise prediction. This design shares computation within each group, in the spatial and temporal dimensions, resulting in reduced encoding time of the video. The video representation is modeled autoregressively, with networks fit on a current group initialized using weights from the previous group's model. To further enhance efficiency, we perform quantization of the network parameters during training, requiring no post-hoc pruning or quantization. When compared with previous works on the benchmark UVG dataset, NIRVANA improves encoding quality from 37.36 to 37.70 (in terms of PSNR) and the encoding speed by 12X, while maintaining the same compression rate. In contrast to prior video INR works which struggle with larger resolution and longer videos, we show that our algorithm is highly flexible and scales naturally due to its patch-wise and autoregressive designs. Moreover, our method achieves variable bitrate compression by adapting to videos with varying inter-frame motion. NIRVANA achieves 6X decoding speed and scales well with more GPUs, making it practical for various deployment scenarios.

Recent advances in upper limb prostheses have led to significant improvements in the number of movements provided by the robotic limb. However, the method for controlling multiple degrees of freedom via user-generated signals remains challenging. To address this issue, various machine learning controllers have been developed to better predict movement intent. As these controllers become more intelligent and take on more autonomy in the system, the traditional approach of representing the human-machine interface as a human controlling a tool becomes limiting. One possible approach to improve the understanding of these interfaces is to model them as collaborative, multi-agent systems through the lens of joint action. The field of joint action has been commonly applied to two human partners who are trying to work jointly together to achieve a task, such as singing or moving a table together, by effecting coordinated change in their shared environment. In this work, we compare different prosthesis controllers (proportional electromyography with sequential switching, pattern recognition, and adaptive switching) in terms of how they present the hallmarks of joint action. The results of the comparison lead to a new perspective for understanding how existing myoelectric systems relate to each other, along with recommendations for how to improve these systems by increasing the collaborative communication between each partner.